In the Inbox, you'd expect all the messages to be incoming, i.e. addressed to you, so I would expect the From and Correspondents columns to be identical.

"Correspondents" comes into its own when you mix incoming and outgoing messages together in one folder. It then sensibly shows you the names of the other parties in a conversation. You don't need to see your own name.

How and why would you expect From and Correspondents to differ in your Inbox?

I'll try to explain further. I believe this to be a bug. I send out a group email. When one of the group replies just to me without a reply to all, the "From" column always displays the name of the first person used in the original email rather than the individual that is replying. Thus no matter who responds to the email the "From" column always displays the same name. If I drag the email to the trash, the "From" column changes and correctly displays the name of the person that was responding. If I drag it back to the inbox the "From" column again displays the incorrect name.

"Group email"?

A Mailing List? (Did you not use Bcc?) Mulitple discrete addresses? (Again, did you not use Bcc?)

I am trying to imagine why the sender's server or client would put someone else's address into their "From" field. That is not reasonable (and not possible if you were using Bcc) so we're left looking at what was available to Thunderbird to show you and why it might have picked what it did.